Immunology....................…
how does one HLA reconizes the foreigness of the other HLA?
if the HLA presents proteins(self and non-self)so the protein relates to the T cell receptor . cd4/cd8 then bind to the HLA of the other cell...does the cd4 or cd8 reconize the diffrence in the other HLA or what? because i do know that they function as a support molecule and help contained by the secondary signal into cells......how is this possible?? i dont understand
Answers:
Human leukocyte antigen - is a antigen presenting cell of approx 160 kinds..
while cluster differentiation factor (CD) 4 and 8 are involved in most immunological process..
cd4 formerly called supporter and cd8 memory T cells..
its cd8 which differntiate between other HLAs and foreign cell.
other cd molecules only act over something (self or non self).
while cd8 over simply non self.
Ohhhh I see what your asking. You pretty much want to know what role HLA's play in graft rejection. I hope lol.
Okay well you already know that different people own different alleles for MHC and in an organ transplant these MHC proteins are usually different between the donor and the recipient.
The MHC proteins that from the transplant are not normally present surrounded by the recipient. If you recall learning give or take a few negative selection you know that the T cells that attached too strongly to self MHC proteins enjoy been deleted since those would have the potential to set stale an undesirable immune response. But since this transplated tissue is new the recipients immune system had no channel of knowing to delete the T cells which would also bind strongly to the MHC proteins of the transplanted tissue therefore it is possible that the foreign MHC proteins from the transplanted tissue could bind strongly to the T cells of the receiver which would activate either T helper cell or the CTL-P's and set off a response depending on whether the T cells strongly attached to MHC 1 or MHC 2 proteins. I am assuming you would probably know what happens after that; by the method activated CTL's which straight up kill the transplanted tissue is one of the main cause for graft rejection.
Okay I hope this is what you wanted to know! If not I am not very good at answering question haha
I don't really know what your getting at here. HLA's or MHC's (these are the same thing) present proteins and these are what are recognized. There are 2 different groups of HLA's which represent MHC 1 and MHC 2. There are 3 general types of HLA's for respectively type of MHC but there are a crap load of alleles for each of the HLA's and they display co dominance near each other so you have a total of 6 HLA's for each group; the flux is to ensure pretty much every single type of protein you would encounter could be displayed. Again MHC and HLA are the same thing. For uninfected cells you of late display any old self protein which pretty much lets the T cells know that everything is worthy in the cell. These MHC's/HLA's are constantly turned over which means that they get replaced by unsullied ones (in with the new out with the outdated lol). So if the cell happens to get infected the MHCs will no longer display self proteins but instead display foreign proteins which will be like a big red flag for the T cell.
MHC1 displays proteins from intracellular products or proteins produced by intracellular viral or bacterial infections. This would be the endogenous pathway which would be followed if whatever protein that needed to be presented was actually produced inwardly the cell. MHC1 is only present on APC's like dendritic cells, B cell and macrophages.
MHC 2 is present on all nucleated cells and it presents proteins from extracellular bacterial infections. The bacteria get engulfed by the cell and the vesicle containing it fusing with a lysosome and the bacteria get degraded.
Cross presentation is another pathway which gets activated (usually by dendritic cells but sometimes by other APC's as okay I think) when the cell takes up the virus and as it degrades it it is smart enough to realize that "UH OH this is a virus" and it ends up sending proteins to the MHC 1 surrounded by addition to MHC 2.
MHC 1 pairs with the CD8 T cell which is a precursor for the cytotoxic T cell which is like the destroyer of infected cell. MHC 2 pairs with CD4 T cells which further differentiate into T helper 1 cell or T helper 2 cells.the CD4 is differentiated due to cytokines produced by the surrounding cells. T aide 1 is produced when there is a crap load of IL-12 and IL-18 and T helper 2 is produced when within is a crap load of IL-4.
T 1 helper cells hope is to activate macrophages and Cytotoxic T cells to help scuffle intracellular infections and T 2 helper cells job is to cause B cells to produce antibodies to help fight rotten extracellular infections.
I hope this helps Source(s): Just finished a quiz on Immunology and got 92% :)
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if the HLA presents proteins(self and non-self)so the protein relates to the T cell receptor . cd4/cd8 then bind to the HLA of the other cell...does the cd4 or cd8 reconize the diffrence in the other HLA or what? because i do know that they function as a support molecule and help contained by the secondary signal into cells......how is this possible?? i dont understand
Answers:
Human leukocyte antigen - is a antigen presenting cell of approx 160 kinds..
while cluster differentiation factor (CD) 4 and 8 are involved in most immunological process..
cd4 formerly called supporter and cd8 memory T cells..
its cd8 which differntiate between other HLAs and foreign cell.
other cd molecules only act over something (self or non self).
while cd8 over simply non self.
Ohhhh I see what your asking. You pretty much want to know what role HLA's play in graft rejection. I hope lol.
Okay well you already know that different people own different alleles for MHC and in an organ transplant these MHC proteins are usually different between the donor and the recipient.
The MHC proteins that from the transplant are not normally present surrounded by the recipient. If you recall learning give or take a few negative selection you know that the T cells that attached too strongly to self MHC proteins enjoy been deleted since those would have the potential to set stale an undesirable immune response. But since this transplated tissue is new the recipients immune system had no channel of knowing to delete the T cells which would also bind strongly to the MHC proteins of the transplanted tissue therefore it is possible that the foreign MHC proteins from the transplanted tissue could bind strongly to the T cells of the receiver which would activate either T helper cell or the CTL-P's and set off a response depending on whether the T cells strongly attached to MHC 1 or MHC 2 proteins. I am assuming you would probably know what happens after that; by the method activated CTL's which straight up kill the transplanted tissue is one of the main cause for graft rejection.
Okay I hope this is what you wanted to know! If not I am not very good at answering question haha
I don't really know what your getting at here. HLA's or MHC's (these are the same thing) present proteins and these are what are recognized. There are 2 different groups of HLA's which represent MHC 1 and MHC 2. There are 3 general types of HLA's for respectively type of MHC but there are a crap load of alleles for each of the HLA's and they display co dominance near each other so you have a total of 6 HLA's for each group; the flux is to ensure pretty much every single type of protein you would encounter could be displayed. Again MHC and HLA are the same thing. For uninfected cells you of late display any old self protein which pretty much lets the T cells know that everything is worthy in the cell. These MHC's/HLA's are constantly turned over which means that they get replaced by unsullied ones (in with the new out with the outdated lol). So if the cell happens to get infected the MHCs will no longer display self proteins but instead display foreign proteins which will be like a big red flag for the T cell.
MHC1 displays proteins from intracellular products or proteins produced by intracellular viral or bacterial infections. This would be the endogenous pathway which would be followed if whatever protein that needed to be presented was actually produced inwardly the cell. MHC1 is only present on APC's like dendritic cells, B cell and macrophages.
MHC 2 is present on all nucleated cells and it presents proteins from extracellular bacterial infections. The bacteria get engulfed by the cell and the vesicle containing it fusing with a lysosome and the bacteria get degraded.
Cross presentation is another pathway which gets activated (usually by dendritic cells but sometimes by other APC's as okay I think) when the cell takes up the virus and as it degrades it it is smart enough to realize that "UH OH this is a virus" and it ends up sending proteins to the MHC 1 surrounded by addition to MHC 2.
MHC 1 pairs with the CD8 T cell which is a precursor for the cytotoxic T cell which is like the destroyer of infected cell. MHC 2 pairs with CD4 T cells which further differentiate into T helper 1 cell or T helper 2 cells.the CD4 is differentiated due to cytokines produced by the surrounding cells. T aide 1 is produced when there is a crap load of IL-12 and IL-18 and T helper 2 is produced when within is a crap load of IL-4.
T 1 helper cells hope is to activate macrophages and Cytotoxic T cells to help scuffle intracellular infections and T 2 helper cells job is to cause B cells to produce antibodies to help fight rotten extracellular infections.
I hope this helps Source(s): Just finished a quiz on Immunology and got 92% :)
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