Practical pills. Doctors answer please.?

In biology we are learning about physiology, health and exercise. We come across the Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume formula. My question is- how is the stroke volume measured?
Answers:
Stroke volume is calculated as the difference between the End Diastolic Volume (EDV) and the End Systolic Volume (ESV) for either the left or right ventricle, specifically:
SV = EDV - ESV

To get these values, you can use either echocardiography of the heart or scintigraphy (nuclear medicine) to get the values. In a 70 kg manly, the average stroke volume is about 70 mL.

Cardiac output is exceedingly important in pathophysiology and within cardiology.

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